Structuralist critics like
Ferdinand Saussure, Gerald Genette , Roland Barthes, Claude Levi-Strauss etc .,
gave their valuable contribution in this approach. Structuralist critics founds
basic common structure in every work. He says that skeleton is the structure
and it is same everywhere. Similarly literature has a basic structure which we
found common everywhere.
Defination:-
In short Pramod k. Nayar say that , “
Structuralism is an attempt to see everything in term of Sasurean linguistic.
Structuralism is based on three
term like as
1) Language - The
entire human potential for
speech.
2) Langue -
the system that each of of us
uses to generate discourse that is intelligible
to other and
finally.
3) Parole -
our individual utterances.
Here Saussure
has given an idea of sign, signifier and
signifier. Here we could say that a sign is the visual memories and
signifier is the knowledge he got, and the way he used that knowledge is signified. many of writer doing
this type of the work. the diector of the film like haider, ramleela, bajirao
mastani they have some type of visual memories in their mind and they got the
knowldege and this knowldge apply in the film.
Genette’s given the concept of Narratology
1)
Order
2)
frequncy
3)
duration
4)
mood
5)
voice
1)
Order:
This concept is totally upon the circumstances and the situations which
take place in the narration. How the story is said by the writer is important.
In this concept we can include the flashback technique and the revelation of an
important event.
2)
Frequency:
In this first concept he talks about the different order of the different
texts and films etc. for example, An event can occur n times and be narrated
once (iterative). In the movie ‘Gajini’ we will find that because of the
villain gajini the hero is spending sleepless nights. The narration of this
event comes only once in the movie but we can see the narration of the
sleepless nights of the hero.An event can occur once and be narrated n times
(repetitive). Here I would like to give the example of the novel ‘Bluest eye’.
In which the protagonist suffers a lot and her molestation by her father. Which
is narrated once but we can see her suffering a lot (after effects of her rap
by her father)..
3)
Duration:
The separation between an event and its narration means that there is
discourse time and narrative time. For example it takes just a second in
passing the 5 or 10 years in the novel where as some times our more time passes
where as in the novel it was just an hour. For example in the novel ‘To The
Light House’ we will find the time passes in the second part in a second where
as in the play ‘Oedipus Rex’ the time is just of 24 hours.
4)
. Voice:
Where the narration is from Intra-diegetic: inside the text. For example,
in the novel ‘Emma’ by Jane Austen the character of Emma. Extra-diegetic:
outside the text. For the character of Chetan Bhagat in his novels.
5)
Mood:
It is related to voice. Distance of the narrator changes with narrated
speech, transposed speech and reported speech. Perspective of the narrator is
called focalization. Narratives can be non-focalized, internally focalized or
externally focalized. Like music it also has a kind of pattern.
I Have seen many films like
baby, haider, holidays. the director of this film they doing some changes but
concept and theme framed in same
structure love family and sacrifice.many t.v serial also have the same
sturacture of detective series. for example cid, crime patrol , savathan india
murder occurs, detection and murdered found by detective.
